Multiple myeloma is a malignant cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow, and typically there are no clear symptoms in the early stages. It usually develops after many years of pre-existing conditions that can cause the malignancy.
These conditions can include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), light chain deposition disease (LCDD), and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM).
MGUS, which stands for Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance, is a condition in which an abnormal protein, or a paraprotein, is present in the blood. The paraprotein can be seen in the blood test, but does not necessarily cause signs or symptoms.
Having MGUS does not necessarily mean that a person will develop multiple myeloma, but there is an increased risk of developing the cancer over time.
LCDD, or Light Chain Deposition Disease, is more serious than MGUS, as there are signs and symptoms that can be associated with the disorder, including inflammation of the kidneys, increased uric acid levels, and neurological and cardiac problems.
This condition can progress to multiple myeloma if not treated, and can also lead to other complications.
SMM, or Smoldering Multiple Myeloma, is essentially an in-between stage between MGUS and multiple myeloma. It is characterised by an abnormally high level of paraprotein and also some signs or symptoms associated with the disorder, but it has not yet progressed to the point of an overt malignancy.
Even when a person is diagnosed with SMM, they do not necessarily develop multiple myeloma.
All of these conditions can precede multiple myeloma, and it is important to be familiar with the signs and symptoms of each disorder in order to identify and treat multiple myeloma when it does occur.
Regular medical check-ups with the doctor and laboratory tests are important in order to monitor for changes in the paraprotein levels and to detect any early signs or symptoms of multiple myeloma.
How does multiple myeloma begin?
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. It is characterized by the growth of abnormal plasma cells, which can accumulate and form tumors, leading to a decrease in normal blood cells.
It is not known exactly how multiple myeloma begins, but experts think that a genetic mutation in the DNA of a plasma cell may be the starting point. This mutation triggers uncontrolled cell growth, leading to an increased production of clonal plasma cells, which can ultimatelylead to accumulation of tumor cells in the bone marrow.
Genetic alterations in key regulators and molecules involved in DNA repair and cell cycle control are thought to contribute to the emergence of the disease. Studies have also identified genetic pre-disposition for the disease, and environmental factors like exposure to radiation or certain drugs can also increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
Where does myeloma spread to first?
Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow and can spread to other organs. When myeloma spreads, it most commonly affects the bones, as well as the adjacent soft tissues such as the lungs and vertebrae.
Other organs that can be affected by myeloma include the kidneys, liver, and spleen. Myeloma may spread to these organs through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. Myeloma is also known to spread to the CNS (Central Nervous System) and sometimes even to the skin, leading to lesions or skin discoloration.
While it is unknown what exactly causes myeloma to spread first, it is generally believed that it spreads to the bones then to the other organs in the body. It is also believed that myeloma is more likely to spread to organs in close proximity to one another and to those already affected by other diseases or injuries.
Is multiple myeloma always malignant?
No, multiple myeloma is not always malignant. While the majority of multiple myeloma cases are considered malignant and aggressive, there are some cases which are considered non-malignant and indolent, meaning that the cancer cells may spread slowly and cause minimal symptoms associated with the disease.
Rarely, multiple myeloma may also present as smoldering myeloma, which is even more slowly progressing and may not require any immediate treatment. In some cases, multiple myeloma may regress completely and become a non-malignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).
In such cases, monitoring is recommended, but the person may not need to receive treatment for an extended period of time.
Is Stage 3 multiple myeloma curable?
Stage 3 multiple myeloma is an advanced stage of the cancer, but unfortunately, it is not currently considered curable. However, with advances in treatments and therapies, people with multiple myeloma can live longer, higher-quality lives.
As with any cancer, prognoses depend on how advanced the cancer is and how well it responds to treatment.
The goal of treatment for Stage 3 multiple myeloma is to slow down the disease and relieve symptoms. Treatment includes chemotherapy and targeted therapies like monoclonal antibodies, and stem cell transplantation.
Medications like proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and corticosteroids are also used to help manage the disease and fight the cancer.
Additionally, there are clinical trials that test new treatments for Stage 3 multiple myeloma. These treatments often show promising results, and they could be the breakthroughs we need to eventually make this cancer curable.
When should you suspect multiple myeloma?
It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms associated with multiple myeloma, as early diagnosis is key for improved outcomes. Suspecting multiple myeloma when an individual has unexplained unexplained pain, fractures, or bleeding can help to speed up diagnosis and treatment.
Other potential signs and symptoms may include extreme tiredness, shortness of breath, frequent infections, high calcium levels, anemia, and kidney problems. A doctor may also suspect multiple myeloma if other blood tests reveal abnormal levels of plasma cells or abnormal proteins.
If any of these symptoms are present, it is important to get an immediate medical evaluation and have a physical, blood test, and imaging scans performed.
Early diagnosis of multiple myeloma enables prompt treatment and increases the chances of a successful outcome.
Where does your back hurt with multiple myeloma?
The location of pain associated with multiple myeloma can vary, but most commonly it is felt in the lower back, ribs, and hips. The back pain may be due to a tumor pressing on the spine, which can cause back pain and inflammation, and may even cause nerve damage.
In some cases, the area around the tumor can become very sensitive to the touch. Back pain associated with multiple myeloma can be constant or intermittent, and may be improved with pain medications, physical therapy, or other treatments.
Additionally, if the pain is severe and not responding to other methods, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor or to relieve the pressure on the spine.
How do you know when multiple myeloma is getting worse?
When multiple myeloma is getting worse, there are several symptoms that can appear and become more pronounced. These may include weight loss, severe fatigue, increased body temperature, increased thirst and urination, bone pain or fractures, vision changes, a feeling of fullness in the chest, decreased appetite, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, and infections.
Elevated levels of myeloma proteins and certain other substances in the blood or urine may also appear as multiple myeloma progresses. Your doctor may also conduct imaging scans such as x-rays, PET scans, or MRIs to look for changes in the structure of the bones or soft tissues due to the myeloma.
In addition, blood tests can help to monitor the presence and amount of any abnormal proteins or other markers of multiple myeloma. Knowing the signs of multiple myeloma progression can help you communicate with your doctor about any changes in your condition, so that you can be properly treated.
How do you help someone with myeloma?
Helping someone with myeloma can involve offering a variety of support to make their journey more manageable. First, it’s important to create a plan that works best for them to help guide them through their treatment.
This plan should take into consideration their lifestyle, treatments they need, medications they may be taking, and any potential side effects and how to manage them.
In addition, you should also try to create a strong social support network for them. This can include providing emotional and practical support, such as helping them attend medical appointments, providing transportation, and helping them participate in activities to support their physical and emotional well-being.
Nutrition is also a key element of supporting someone with myeloma. Eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals and healthy fats can help to reduce fatigue and support overall immunity. Vitamin, mineral and herbal supplements may also be beneficial additions to their diet, depending on their situation.
Finally, it’s important to stay informed about the condition and updates in treatment so that you can effectively help guide and support them. Information about clinical trials and updates in therapies can be useful to discuss with their healthcare team and family members.
Staying informed on the subject can also help reduce fear and provide valuable resources when seeking help or support.